Donald Trump's 'big, beautiful bill' has sparked ugly debate - so why is it so controversial?

It is certainly big - 940 pages long - but on the question of beauty, Congress is divided.

Donald Trump's "big, beautiful bill" has sparked ugly debate - both for its ambitious scope and for the political manoeuvring that's gone on around it.

Elon Musk branded it "political suicide" for Republicans and threatened to fund challenges against those who back it in next year's midterm elections.

But the president hit back, suggesting he would consider cutting Musk's lucrative government contracts or even deporting him back to South Africa.

The "big, beautiful bill", or HR 1 to give the proposed legislation its proper title, is Mr Trump's signature spending and tax policy.

It extends tax cuts he secured in 2017 and bankrolls his second-term agenda in the White House.

Here is a summary of the key points:

• Permanent tax cuts: Extending relief from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

• Small business support: Doubling the small business expensing limit to $2.5m (£1.8m) to help businesses expand and hire staff

• Child tax credit: Expanding the child tax credit and making it permanent, benefiting 40 million families

• Making housing affordable: Expanding the low-income housing tax credit to kickstart construction of affordable homes

• Defence and border security: Allocating $170bn (£123bn) for border security alone, including $46bn (£33bn) for completing the border wall

• Made-in-America incentives: Providing tax breaks and incentives for domestic manufacturing to promote US industry

• Healthcare and social welfare: Implementing restrictions on Medicaid, which provides healthcare for millions of Americans, and reducing funding for certain healthcare and nutrition programmes.

? Follow Trump100 on your podcast app ?

Clash over 'monster' debt bill

Musk, Mr Trump's former ally and the man who established the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), claimed the bill "raises the debt ceiling by $5trn, the biggest increase in history."

"DOGE is the monster that might have to go back and eat Elon," was President Trump's response.

The national debt currently stands at $37trn (£27trn) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the bill could add $2.4trn (£1.7trn) to that over the next decade.

Bill splits Republican ranks

Republican Senator Thom Tillis voted against the bill and, following criticism from the president, announced he would not seek re-election in North Carolina.

He said he couldn't support it due to his concerns about the impact cuts to Medicaid would have on people in his state.

Democrats in the Senate forced a full reading of all 940 pages and then a vote-a-rama, a series of marathon voting sessions.

Read more from Sky News:
Elon's dad on the Musk-Trump bust-up
How Musk's cost-cutting mission fell flat

In the House of Representatives, it passed by a single vote, 215-214. In the Senate, Vice President JD Vance, had to cast the deciding vote to break a tie (50-50).

Legislatively, the progress of the bill has been a case study in the complexities of American law-making.

Strategically, it represents a mammoth effort to consolidate the president's policy agenda and secure his legacy.

(c) Sky News 2025: Donald Trump's 'big, beautiful bill' has sparked ugly debate - so why is it so controversial?